Simple Summary Metastatic prostate cancer is an incurable disease with limited treatment
options. Immunotherapy has demonstrated significant success in multiple cancer types but …

Prostate cancer is the most frequent malignancy in the worldwide male population; it is also
one of the most common among all the leading cancer-related death causes. In the last two …

Background Patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer derive only modest clinical
benefit from available therapies. Blockade of the inhibitory programmed death 1 (PD-1) …

Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) acts on PD-1 ligands (PD-L1 and PD-L2) to
suppress activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Interleukin-17 (IL-17) and tumor necrosis …

Aberrant expression of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) in tumor cells promotes cancer
progression by suppressing cancer immunity. The retinoblastoma protein RB is a tumor …

Pembrolizumab (anti-PD-1) is allowed in selected metastatic castration-resistant prostate
cancer (PC) patients showing microsatellite instability/mismatch repair system deficiency …

Blockade of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) by therapeutic antibodies has shown to be
a promising strategy in cancer therapy, yet clinical response in many types of cancer …

Simple Summary Immunotherapy has changed the treatment paradigm of numerous
malignancies such as non-small cell lung cancer and melanoma. To date, there has been …

Introduction: Pharmacological inhibition of immune checkpoint receptors or their ligands
represents a transformative breakthrough in the management of multiple cancers. However …

Spontaneous cancers are common diseases in dogs. Among these, some malignant
cancers such as oral melanoma, osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, and mast cell tumor are …