Background: Sepsis/septic shock is a life-threatening and time-dependent condition that
requires timely management to reduce mortality. This review aims to update physicians with …

Importance Approximately 20% to 30% of patients admitted to an intensive care unit have
sepsis. While fluid therapy typically begins in the emergency department, intravenous fluids …

Fluid resuscitation is a core component of emergency and critical care medicine. While the
focus of clinicians has largely been on detecting patients who would respond to fluid …

Purpose Shock is a life-threatening condition characterized by substantial alterations in the
microcirculation. This study tests the hypothesis that considering sublingual microcirculatory …

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are involved in the activation and dysfunction of
multiple overlapping and interacting pathways, including the immune response to injury …

Purpose Methylene blue (MB) has been tested as a rescue therapy for patients with
refractory septic shock. However, there is a lack of evidence on MB as an adjuvant therapy …

Background Current recommendations support guiding fluid resuscitation through the
assessment of fluid responsiveness. Recently, the concept of fluid tolerance and the …

During septic shock, fluid therapy is aimed at increasing cardiac output and improving tissue
oxygenation, but it poses two problems: it has inconsistent and transient efficacy, and it has …

Vasoplegic syndrome (VS) is a common complication following cardiovascular surgery with
cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), and its incidence varies from 5 to 44%. It is defined as a …

Fluid administration is a cornerstone of treatment of critically ill patients. The aim of this
review is to reappraise the pathophysiology of fluid therapy, considering the mechanisms …