Mucosal vaccines offer the potential to trigger robust protective immune responses at the
predominant sites of pathogen infection. In principle, the induction of adaptive immunity at …

Vaccine is one of the most effective strategies for preventing and controlling infectious
diseases and some noninfectious diseases, especially cancers. Adjuvants and carriers have …

The mRNA vaccine platform has offered the greatest potential in fighting the COVID-19
pandemic owing to rapid development, effectiveness, and scalability to meet the global …

Immunotherapy, including checkpoint blockade immunotherapy (CBI), has witnessed
remarkable progress in cancer therapy. Nonetheless, significant obstacles to successful …

Over the past 20 years, a variety of potential adjuvants have been studied to enhance the
effect of oral vaccines in the intestinal mucosal immune system; however, no licensed …

Many pathogens invade the host at the intestinal surface. To protect against these
enteropathogens, the induction of intestinal secretory IgA (SIgA) responses is paramount …

As oral administration of vaccines is the preferred route due to its high patient compliance
and ability to stimulate both cellular and humoral immune responses, it is also associated …

Given the limitations of conventional invasive vaccines, such as the requirement for a cold
chain system and trained personnel, needle-based injuries, and limited immunogenicity …

Vaccination has been well recognised as a critically important tool in preventing infectious
disease, yet incomplete immunisation coverage remains a major obstacle to achieving …

Oral vaccination has in the recent years gained a lot of attraction, mainly due to optimized
patient compliance and logistics. However, the development of oral vaccines, especially oral …