Endocytosis and endosomal trafficking are essential processes in cells that control the
dynamics and turnover of plasma membrane proteins, such as receptors, transporters, and …

The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery is an ancient
system that deforms membrane and severs membrane necks from the inside. Extensive …

The energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) can activate autophagy when
cellular energy production becomes compromised. However, the degree to which nutrient …

In this glossary of plant cell structures, we asked experts to summarize a present-day view of
plant organelles and structures, including a discussion of outstanding questions. In the …

Microautophagy is a type of autophagy. It is characterized by direct enclosing with the
vacuolar/lysosomal membrane, which completes the isolation and uptake of cell …

Vacuolar proteins play essential roles in plant physiology and development, but the factors
and the machinery regulating their vesicle trafficking through the endomembrane …

The endomembrane system consists of various membrane‐bound organelles including the
endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, trans‐Golgi network (TGN), endosomes, and …

Prior to the release of their cargoes into the vacuolar lumen, sorting endosomes mature into
multivesicular bodies (MVBs) through the action of ENDOSOMAL COMPLEX REQUIRED …

Lipid droplets (LDs) stored during seed development are mobilized and provide essential
energy and lipids to support seedling growth upon germination. Triacylglycerols (TAGs) are …

Interactions between plant cells and the environment rely on modulation of protein
receptors, transporters, channels, and lipids at the plasma membrane (PM) to facilitate …