We review the findings of approximately 60 years of in situ and remote sensing studies of
glacier crevasses, as well as the three broad classes of numerical models now employed to …

Recent observations of dynamic water systems beneath the Greenland and Antarctic ice
sheets have sparked renewed interest in modelling subglacial drainage. The foundations of …

Polar temperatures over the last several million years have, at times, been slightly warmer
than today, yet global mean sea level has been 6–9 metres higher as recently as the Last …

This chapter considers changes in global mean sea level, regional sea level, sea level
extremes, and waves. Confidence in projections of global mean sea level rise has increased …

From early 2003 to mid-2013, the total mass of ice in Greenland declined at a progressively
increasing rate. In mid-2013, an abrupt reversal occurred, and very little net ice loss …

Thermally incised meltwater channels that flow each summer across melt-prone surfaces of
the Greenland ice sheet have received little direct study. We use high-resolution WorldView …

Understanding Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) hydrology is essential for evaluating response of
ice dynamics to a warming climate and future contributions to global sea level rise. Recently …

The basal thermal state of an ice sheet (frozen or thawed) is an important control upon its
evolution, dynamics, and response to external forcings. However, this state can only be …

Abstract The Greenland Ice Sheet is losing mass at an accelerating rate due to increased
surface melt and flow acceleration in outlet glaciers. Quantifying future dynamic …

Science strives for coherence. For example, the findings from climate science form a highly
coherent body of knowledge that is supported by many independent lines of evidence …