Although the gastrointestinal (GI) tract possesses intrinsic neural plexuses that allow a
significant degree of autonomy over GI functions, the central nervous system (CNS) provides …

Mental processes and their neural substrates are intimately linked to the homeostatic control
of internal bodily state. There are a set of distinct interoceptive pathways that directly and …

Accumulated evidence from genetic animal models suggests that the brain, particularly the
hypothalamus, has a key role in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose …

New information regarding neuronal circuits that control food intake and their hormonal
regulation has extended our understanding of energy homeostasis, the process whereby …

Glucose is the mandatory fuel for the brain, yet the relative contribution of glucose and
lactate for neuronal energy metabolism is unclear. We found that increased lactate, but not …

A dietary therapy for pediatric epilepsy known as the ketogenic diet has seen a revival in its
clinical use during the past decade. Although the underlying mechanism of the diet remains …

This article reviews the rapidly accumulating literature on the relationship between mood
disorders and diabetes mellitus. Recent studies have demonstrated that depression and its …

The brain occupies a special hierarchical position in the organism. It is separated from the
general circulation by the blood-brain barrier, has high energy consumption and a low …

Insulin has pleiotropic biological effects in virtually all tissues. However, the relevance of
insulin signaling in peripheral tissues has been studied far more extensively than its role in …

Epidemiological studies show that patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and individuals with
a diabetes-independent elevation in blood glucose have an increased risk for developing …