The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is involved in the pathophysiology of many
neuropsychiatric disorders. Increased HPA axis activity can be observed during chronic …

Abstract Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are stressful and/or traumatic experiences
associated with an increased lifetime risk of negative health outcomes. The Allostatic Load …

Stress responses help us navigate our environment and respond appropriately to threats.
Stress systems communicate threats to the entire organism, and as such, also stimulate …

'How Emotions Are Made did what all great books do. It took a subject I thought I understood
and turned my understanding upside down'-Malcolm Gladwell, author of The Tipping Point …

Susceptibility and resilience to stress depend on 1) the timing of the exposure with respect to
development, 2) the time across the life span at which effects are measured, and 3) the …

The study of inflammation in fear-and anxiety-based disorders has gained interest as
growing literature indicates that pro-inflammatory markers can directly modulate affective …

In the past two decades, much evidence has accumulated unequivocally demonstrating that
child abuse and neglect is associated with a marked increase in risk for major psychiatric …

Childhood trauma confers higher risk of adulthood physical and mental illness; however, the
biological mechanism mediating this association remains largely unknown. Recent research …

Depression and inflammation fuel one another. Inflammation plays a key role in
depression's pathogenesis for a subset of depressed individuals; depression also primes …

The biopsychosocial model has dominated research and theory in health psychology. This
article expands the biopsychosocial model by applying systems theories proposed by …