Recent palaeontological data and novel physiological hypotheses now allow a timescaled
reconstruction of the evolution of endothermy in birds and mammals. A three‐phase iterative …

The anatomy and functions of muscle–tendon complexes and their bony attachments in
birds and their outgroups show how the major pelvic limb muscle groups evolved. Fossils …

In this article, we develop a new reconstruction of the pelvic and hindlimb muscles of the
large theropod dinosaur Tyrannosaurus rex. Our new reconstruction relies primarily on …

Femoral osteology and soft tissues evolved in a stepwise pattern in archosauromorph
reptiles on the line to crown group birds. Crocodylia retains most ancestral archosaurian …

The fastest gait and speed of the largest theropod (carnivorous) dinosaurs, such as
Tyrannosaurus, is controversial. Some studies contend that Tyrannosaurus was limited to …

Cursorial ground birds are paragons of bipedal running that span a 500-fold mass range
from quail to ostrich. Here we investigate the task-level control priorities of cursorial birds by …

Locomotion in living birds (Neornithes) has two remarkable features: feather-assisted flight,
and the use of unusually crouched hindlimbs for bipedal support and movement. When and …

Vertebrate tracks are a unique, abundant source of fossil data that supplements the skeletal
record in many ways. However, the utility of ichnofossil data depends on how specifically the …

Body size is a crucial life history parameter for an organism. Therefore, mass estimation for
fossil species is important for many kinds of analyses. Several attempts have been made to …

Background Archosaurs (birds, crocodilians and their extinct relatives including dinosaurs)
dominated Mesozoic continental ecosystems from the Late Triassic onwards, and still form a …