Fast-starts are brief, sudden accelerations used by fish during predator–prey encounters.
The kinematics and performance of fish during fast-start manoeuvres have received a lot of …

Classifications of fish swimming are reviewed as a prelude to discussing functional design
and performance in an ecological context. Webb (1984a, 1998) classified fishes based on …

The Mauthner (M) cell is a critical element in a vital escape" reflex" triggered by abrupt or
threatening events. Its properties at the molecular and synaptic levels, their various forms of …

During predator–prey encounters, a high locomotor performance in unsteady manoeuvres
(ie acceleration, turning) is desirable for both predators and prey. While speed increases …

Escape responses are used by many animal species as their main defence against predator
attacks. Escape success is determined by a number of variables; important are the …

Hypoxia is a phenomenon occurring in marine coastal areas with increasing frequency.
While hypoxia has been documented to affect fish activity and metabolism, recent evidence …

The study of fish escape responses has provided important insights into the accelerative
motions and fast response times of these animals. In addition, the accessibility of the …

Escape responses are used by most fish species in order to avoid predation. Escape
responses include a number of behavioral and kinematic components, such as …

Collective animal behavior is an emergent phenomenon arising from the local interactions of
the members of animal groups. Considerable progress has been made in characterizing …

Escape trajectories (ETs; measured as the angle relative to the direction of the threat) have
been studied in many taxa using a variety of methodologies and definitions. Here, we …