The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays crucial roles in cardiovascular physiology
and pathophysiology. However, many of the signaling mechanisms have been unclear. The …

The ErbB receptor family, also known as the EGF receptor family or type I receptor family,
includes the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) or ErbB1/Her1, ErbB2/Her2 …

At high concentrations, free radicals and radical-derived, nonradical reactive species are
hazardous for living organisms and damage all major cellular constituents. At moderate …

The renin-angiotensin system is a central component of the physiological and pathological
responses of cardiovascular system. Its primary effector hormone, angiotensin II (ANG II), not …

During normal cellular activities, various processes inside of cells produce reactive oxygen
species (ROS). Some of the most common ROS are hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide …

β-arrestins are versatile adapter proteins that form complexes with most G-protein-coupled
receptors (GPCRs) following agonist binding and phosphorylation of receptors by G-protein …

The importance of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system in cardiovascular physiology
and pathophysiology has been well described whereas the detailed molecular mechanisms …

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest and most diverse protein family
in the human genome with over 800 members identified to date. They play critical roles in …

Using both confocal immunofluorescence microscopy and biochemical approaches, we
have examined the role of β-arrestins in the activation and targeting of extracellular signal …

Abstract Angiotensin II (Ang II) activates a wide spectrum of signaling responses via the AT1
receptor (AT1R) that mediate its physiological control of blood pressure, thirst, and sodium …