Insulin resistance is the pivotal pathogenic component of many metabolic diseases,
including type 2 diabetes mellitus, and is defined as a state of reduced responsiveness of …

Obesity is a critical risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D), and its
prevalence is rising worldwide. White adipose tissue (WAT) has a crucial role in regulating …

The 1921 discovery of insulin was a Big Bang from which a vast and expanding universe of
research into insulin action and resistance has issued. In the intervening century, some …

Obesity is associated with chronic inflammation, which contributes to insulin resistance and
type 2 diabetes mellitus. Under normal conditions, skeletal muscle is responsible for the …

Lipotoxicity, originally used to describe the destructive effects of excess fat accumulation on
glucose metabolism, causes functional impairments in several metabolic pathways, both in …

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) has been implicated in the
pathology of numerous diseases involving diabetes, stroke, cancer, or obesity. It is …

Insulin resistance is a complex metabolic disorder that defies explanation by a single
etiological pathway. Accumulation of ectopic lipid metabolites, activation of the unfolded …

The enzyme lipoprotein lipase (LPL), originally identified as the clearing factor lipase,
hydrolyzes triglycerides present in the triglyceride-rich lipoproteins VLDL and chylomicrons …

The term “fat” may refer to lipids as well as the cells and tissue that store lipid (ie, adipocytes
and adipose tissue).“Lipid” is derived from “lipos,” which refers to animal fat or vegetable oil …

Insulin resistance has long been associated with obesity. More than 40 years ago, Randle
and colleagues postulated that lipids impaired insulin-stimulated glucose use by muscles …