The recent approval of messenger RNA (mRNA)-based vaccines to combat the SARS-CoV-
2 pandemic highlights the potential of both conventional mRNA and self-amplifying mRNA …

Interferons (IFNs) are a family of multifunctional cytokines thatactivate transcription of
subsets of genes. The gene products inducedby IFNs are responsible for IFN antiviral …

The double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase PKR is a critical mediator of the
antiproliferative and antiviral effects exerted by interferons. Not only is PKR an effector …

The IFN-induced double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) is one of the four
mammalian serine-threonine kinases (the three others being HRI, GCN2 and PERK) that …

Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) serves to coordinate the transcription of genes in response to
diverse environmental stresses. In this report we show that phosphorylation of the α subunit …

Response to IFN involves a rapid and direct signal transduction mechanism that quickly
reports that presence of extracellular cytokine to the cell nucleus, preserving the specificity …

Eukaryotic initiation factor eIF2 and its 'exchange factor'eIF2B play a key role in the
regulation of protein synthesis in eukaryotes from yeast to mammals. Phosphorylation of …

The vital role of interferons (IFNs) as mediators of innate immunity is well established. It has
recently become apparent that one of the pivotal proteins in mediating the antiviral activity of …

Activation of the transcription factor NF-κB is a hallmark of infections by viral pathogens
including influenza viruses. Because gene expression of many proinflammatory and antiviral …

The interferon (IFN) response represents an early host defense mechanism against viral
infections, and it is known to be an important component of innate immunity (Vilcek and Sen …