The hindlimb and external genitalia of present-day tetrapods are thought to derive from an
ancestral common primordium that evolved to generate a wide diversity of structures …

The Hedgehog (HH) pathway regulates a spectrum of developmental processes through the
transcriptional mediation of GLI proteins. GLI repressors control tissue patterning by …

Proper development of the limb bud relies on the concordance of various signals, but its
molecular mechanisms have not yet been fully illustrated. Here we report that …

A longstanding enigma in molecular biology is the lack of scaling of protein-coding genes
with developmental complexity, referred to as the g-value paradox. On the other hand, a …

One of the central problems of vertebrate evolution is understanding the relationship among
the distal portions of fins and limbs. Lacking comparable morphological markers of these …

Limb loss shows recurrent phenotypic evolution across squamate lineages. Here, based on
three de novo-assembled genomes of limbless lizards from different lineages, we showed …

Congenital genetic disorders affecting limb morphology in humans and other mammals are
particularly well described, due to both their rather high frequencies of occurrence and the …

A lingering question in developmental biology has centered on how transcription factors with
widespread distribution in vertebrate embryos can perform tissue-specific functions. Here …

Developmental genes are frequently controlled by multiple enhancers sharing similar
specificities. As a result, deletions of such regulatory elements have often failed to reveal …

ABSTRACT SMAD4 regulates gene expression in response to BMP and TGFβ signal
transduction, and is required for diverse morphogenetic processes, but its target genes have …