N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is recognized for its role in acetaminophen overdose and as a
mucolytic. Over the past decade, there has been growing evidence for the use of NAC in …

Serotonin, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is one of the class of monoamine neurontransmitters,
all of which have a chemical template comprised of a basic amino group separated from an …

Kratom (or Ketum) is a psychoactive plant preparation used in Southeast Asia. It is derived
from the plant Mitragyna speciosa Korth. Kratom as well as its main alkaloid, mitragynine …

The use of psychoactive drugs is a wide spread behaviour in human societies. The
systematic use of a drug requires the establishment of different drug use-associated …

Most people who are regular consumers of psychoactive drugs are not drug addicts, nor will
they ever become addicts. In neurobiological theories, non-addictive drug consumption is …

Conditioned place preference (CPP) is a learned behavior shown in many vertebrates,
including humans. CPP occurs when a subject comes to prefer one place more than others …

Dorsal raphe (DR) serotonin neurons provide a major input to the ventral tegmental area
(VTA). Here, we show that DR serotonin transporter (SERT) neurons establish both …

G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channels (Kir3/GirK) are important for
maintaining resting membrane potential, cell excitability and inhibitory neurotransmission …

The ascending serotonin (5-HT) neurons innervate the cerebral cortex, hippocampus,
septum and amygdala, all representing brain regions associated with various domains of …

Anhedonia, as a failure to experience rewarding stimuli, is a key characteristic of many
psychiatric disorders including depression and schizophrenia. Investigations on the …