Cardiovascular disease, with atherosclerosis as the major underlying factor, remains the
leading cause of death worldwide. It is well established that cholesterol ester-enriched foam …

Atherosclerosis is a highly prevalent disease that can significantly increase the risk of major
vascular events, such as myocardial or cerebral infarctions. The anoxemia theory states that …

Objective—Although it is accepted that macrophage glycolysis is upregulated under hypoxic
conditions, it is not known whether this is linked to a similar increase in macrophage …

A key aspect of atherosclerosis is the maladaptive inflammatory response to lipoprotein
accumulation in the artery. The failure to decrease lipid accumulation, to clear apoptotic …

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and oxidative stress (OS) are often related states in cells
as part of normal physiology but more frequently manifested in the pathophysiology of many …

Recent studies underscore the proatherogenic role of hypoxia in macrophage lipid and
glucose metabolism, inflammation and polarization. These studies provide new insights into …

The physiological functions of endothelial cells control vascular tone, permeability,
inflammation, and angiogenesis, which significantly help to maintain a healthy vascular …

Rationale: Inflamed atherosclerotic plaques can be visualized by noninvasive positron
emission and computed tomographic imaging with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose, a glucose …

HIF-1α exerts both detrimental and beneficial actions in atherosclerosis. While there is
evidence that HIF-1α could be pro-atherogenic within the atheromatous plaque …

Macrophages are pivotal in the initiation and development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular
diseases. Recent studies have reinforced the importance of mitochondria in metabolic and …