Background: An ENDO-European Reference Network (ERN) initiative was launched that
was endorsed by the European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and the European …

Thyroid hormones are essential for growth, neuronal development, reproduction and
regulation of energy metabolism. Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are common …

Background: Thyroid disease in pregnancy is a common clinical problem. Since the
guidelines for the management of these disorders by the American Thyroid Association …

Untreated congenital hypothyroidism (CH) leads to intellectual disabilities. Prompt diagnosis
by newborn screening (NBS) leading to early and adequate treatment results in grossly …

Iodine is a micronutrient needed for the production of thyroid hormones, which regulate
metabolism, growth, and development. Iodine deficiency or excess may alter the thyroid …

Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) may be primary, due to a defect affecting the thyroid gland
itself, or central, due to impaired thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-mediated stimulation of …

Thyroid hormone has important effects on almost every organ system and plays a crucial
role in normal growth and neurologic development. Congenital hypothyroidism affects …

Hypothyroidism is the common clinical condition of thyroid hormone deficiency and, if left
untreated, can lead to serious adverse health effects on multiple organ systems, with the …

Congenital hypothyroidism occurs in approximately 1 in 2000 newborns and can have
devastating neurodevelopmental consequences if not detected and treated promptly. While …

Although newborn screening has virtually eradicated mental retardation due to congenital
hypothyroidism in parts of the world, new information continues to accumulate and new …