Following nature's design principles, biological entities have evolved to be highly efficient
and multifunctional to maximize all the available materials and structures and to survive in …

Biological materials found in Nature such as nacre and bone are well recognized as light‐
weight, strong, and tough structural materials. The remarkable toughness and damage …

Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced GO possess robust mechanical, electrical and chemical
properties. Their nanocomposites have been extensively explored for applications in diverse …

Toward the aim of personalized treatment, three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has
been widely used in bone tissue engineering owing to its advantage of a fast, precise, and …

Mechanical metamaterials are a class of artificial materials whose geometry is engineered to
have peculiar mechanical properties or programmed responses that are difficult to find in …

Natural structural materials are built at ambient temperature from a fairly limited selection of
components. They usually comprise hard and soft phases arranged in complex hierarchical …

Various methods have been exploited to replicate nacre features into artificial structural
materials with impressive structural and mechanical similarity. However, it is still very …

Designing and manufacturing multi-functional, lightweight and high-performance body
armour materials and assemblies have attracted intense attention recently due to fast …

Hard biological materials—for example, seashells, bone or wood—fulfil critical structural
functions and display unique and attractive combinations of stiffness, strength and …

Lightweight and strong structural materials attract much attention due to their strategic
applications in sports, transportation, aerospace, and biomedical industries. Nacre exhibits …