Researchers have long used end-of-year discipline rates to identify punitive schools,
explore sources of inequitable treatment, and evaluate interventions designed to stem both …

Many schools use exclusionary discipline--such as suspensions and expulsions--to deter
students from misbehaving and to protect students from the harms associated with exposure …

School leaders across the state of California seek tools to reduce the use of exclusionary
discipline and improve school climates. Research suggests that restorative practices (RPs) …

A growing body of literature has demonstrated that when schools suspend students, the
suspension acts not as a deterrent but as an amplifier of future punishment. Labeling theory …

While the philosophy of deterrence has long been rooted in the criminal justice system and
has informed policy and programming, the results of such strategies have been mixed. A …

Schools recruit exclusionary discipline—such as suspensions and expulsions—to deter
students from misbehaving, and to protect students from the harms associated with exposure …

Boys are overrepresented in school punishment, dropout, and delinquency setting them on
a path towards criminal offending. There is limited research on the effect of school …

Restorative justice diversion aligns with youths' developmental needs more than traditional
approaches. However, there is a research gap regarding its effectiveness among diverse …

School environments prioritize not just academic achievement but also youth development
and socialization. However, the school environment can serve as a catalyst for involving …

School environments prioritize not just academic achievement but also youth development
and socialization. However, the school environment can serve as a catalyst for involving …