Physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling has been extensively used to
quantitatively translate in vitro data and evaluate temporal effects from drug–drug …

1. The peptide transporters belong to the peptide transporter (PTR) family and serve as
integral membrane proteins for the cellular uptake of di-and tripeptides in the organism. By …

NHE3 is the brush-border (BB) Na+/H+ exchanger of small intestine, colon, and renal
proximal tubule which is involved in large amounts of neutral Na+ absorption. NHE3 is a …

Human organic anion transporting polypeptide OATP-B (OATP2B1) is a pH-sensitive
transporter expressed in the apical membranes of small intestinal epithelial cells. In this …

The intestinal epithelium of adult humans acts as a differentially permeable barrier that
separates the potentially harmful contents of the lumen from the underlying tissues. Any …

The intestinal peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) was first identified in 1994. It plays a crucial role
in the absorption of small peptides including not only> 400 different dipeptides and 8,000 …

The proximal tubule is critical for whole-organism volume and acid–base homeostasis by
reabsorbing filtered water, NaCl, bicarbonate, and citrate, as well as by excreting acid in the …

Dietary proteins are cleaved within the intestinal lumen to oligopeptides which are further
processed to small peptides (di‐and tripeptides) and free amino acids. Although the …

The epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract is one of the most versatile tissues in the
organism, responsible for providing a tight barrier between dietary and bacterial antigens …

A prerequisite for the prediction of the magnitude of P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated drug–
drug interactions between digoxin and P-gp inhibitors (eg verapamil and its metabolite …