West Nile virus (WNV) is an important zoonotic flavivirus responsible for mild fever to severe,
lethal neuroinvasive disease in humans, horses, birds, and other wildlife species. Since its …

Emerging vector-borne diseases are an important issue in global health. Many vector-borne
pathogens have appeared in new regions in the past two decades, while many endemic …

Many invasive species that have been spread through the globalization of trade and travel
are pathogens. A paradigmatic case is the introduction of West Nile virus (WNV) into North …

RNA viruses provide unique insights into the patterns and processes of evolutionary change
in real time. The study of viral evolution is especially topical given the growing awareness …

West Nile virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus originally isolated in 1937 from the blood of a
febrile woman in the West Nile province of Uganda. The virus is widely distributed in Africa …

Arboviruses are transmitted in nature exclusively or to a major extend by arthropods. They
belong to the most important viruses invading new areas in the world and their occurrence is …

In Europe, many flaviviruses are endemic (West Nile, Usutu, tick-borne encephalitis viruses)
or occasionally imported (dengue, yellow fever viruses). Due to the temporal and …

Emerging infectious diseases pose an important threat to wildlife. While established
protocols exist for combating outbreaks of human and agricultural pathogens, appropriate …

In June 2006, bluetongue virus, an arboviral pathogen of ruminants, appeared in northern
Europe for the first time, successfully overwintered and subsequently caused substantial …

Abstract The introduction of West Nile virus (WNV) to North America in 1999 and its
subsequent rapid spread across the Americas demonstrated the potential impact of arboviral …