Having a hypoxic microenvironment is a common and salient feature of most solid tumors.
Hypoxia has a profound effect on the biological behavior and malignant phenotype of …

Recently, in the field of cancer treatment, the paradigm has changed to immunotherapy that
activates the immune system to induce cancer attacks. Among them, immune checkpoint …

Molecular oxygen (O2) is essential for most biological reactions in mammalian cells. When
the intracellular oxygen content decreases, it is called hypoxia. The process of hypoxia is …

Hypoxia is prevalent in human tumours and contributes to microenvironments that shape
cancer evolution and adversely affect therapeutic outcomes. Historically, two different …

Immunotherapy has revolutionized the clinical management of many malignancies but is
infrequently associated with durable objective responses when used as a standalone …

Several non-redundant features of the tumour microenvironment facilitate
immunosuppression and limit anticancer immune responses. These include physical …

Hypoxia is a common feature of solid tumors, and develops because of the rapid growth of
the tumor that outstrips the oxygen supply, and impaired blood flow due to the formation of …

CD8+ T cells are end effectors of cancer immunity. Most forms of effective cancer
immunotherapy involve CD8+ T cell effector function. Here, we review the current …

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) constitute a plastic and heterogeneous cell
population of the tumor microenvironment (TME) that can account for up to 50% of some …

Hypoxia, a hallmark of solid tumors, determines the selection of invasive and aggressive
malignant clones displaying resistance to radiotherapy, conventional chemotherapy or …