According to prominent models in cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and economics,
effort (be it physical or mental) is costly: when given a choice, humans and non-human …

This paper offers an active inference account of choice behaviour and learning. It focuses on
the distinction between goal-directed and habitual behaviour and how they contextualise …

This article describes a process theory based on active inference and belief propagation.
Starting from the premise that all neuronal processing (and action selection) can be …

We offer a formal treatment of choice behavior based on the premise that agents minimize
the expected free energy of future outcomes. Crucially, the negative free energy or quality of …

Successful behaviour depends on the right balance between maximising reward and
soliciting information about the world. Here, we show how different types of information-gain …

Novelty and surprise play significant roles in animal behavior and in attempts to understand
the neural mechanisms underlying it. They also play important roles in technology, where …

Memory is essential to adaptive behavior because it allows past experience to guide
choices. Emerging findings indicate that the neurotransmitter dopamine, which signals …

This paper considers agency in the setting of embodied or active inference. In brief, we
associate a sense of agency with prior beliefs about action and ask what sorts of beliefs …

Deciding whether to forgo a good choice in favour of exploring a potentially more rewarding
alternative is one of the most challenging arbitrations both in human reasoning and in …

Given the importance of motivation to schooling processes (Wigfield, Eccles, Schiefele,
Roeser, & Davis-Kean, 2006), the goal of this chapter is to highlight how emotions relate to …