Opioids mediate their effects via opioid receptors: mu, delta, and kappa. At the neuronal
level, opioid receptors are generally inhibitory, presynaptically reducing neurotransmitter …

Stress necessitates an immediate engagement of multiple neural and endocrine systems.
However, exposure to a single stressor causes adaptive changes that modify responses to …

Stress can trigger enduring changes in neural circuits and synapses. The behavioral and
hormonal consequences of stress can also be transmitted to others, but whether this …

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus
(PVN) initiate hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity through the release of CRF into …

Stress leaves a lasting impression on an organism and reshapes future responses.
However, the influence of past experience and stress hormones on the activity of neural …

Stress and previous adverse life events are well-established risk factors for depression.
Further, neuroendocrine disruptions are associated with both major depressive disorder …

Distinct populations of D1-and D2-dopamine receptor-expressing medium spiny neurons
(D1-/D2-MSNs) comprise the nucleus accumbens, and activity in D1-MSNs promotes …

In response to stress, defined as a real or perceived threat to homeostasis or well-being,
brain systems initiate divergent physiological and behavioral processes that mobilize energy …

Over the last two decades the combination of brain slice patch clamp electrophysiology with
optogenetic stimulation has proven to be a powerful approach to analyze the architecture of …

As prescription opioid analgesic abuse rates rise, so does the need to understand the long-
term effects of opioid exposure on brain function. The dorsal striatum is an important site for …