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Stress in general, and early life stress in particular, has been associated with the
development of anxiety and mood disorders. The molecular, biological and psychological …

We propose that depression can be viewed as an adaptation to conserve energy after the
perceived loss of an investment in a vital resource such as a relationship, group identity, or …

Recent studies have begun to characterize the actions of stress and antidepressant
treatments beyond the neurotransmitter and receptor level. This work has demonstrated that …

Abstract The neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) plays a central role in brain development,
regulation of mood, stress reactivity and risk of psychiatric disorders, and thus alterations in …

Stress and stress-related health impairments are major problems in human life and
elucidating the biological pathways linking stress and disease is of substantial importance …

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) was identified initially as the active substance from
brain extracts that produced peripheral vasoconstriction (Rapport et al 1948). This …

Several lines of evidence implicate the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1) in the
etiology and pathophysiology of major depression. To explore the role of IL-1 in chronic …

Fear is an adaptive component of the acute “stress” response to potentially-dangerous
(external and internal) stimuli which threaten to perturb homeostasis. However, when …

BACKGROUND: While there is evidence to suggest that major depressive disorder (MDD) is
associated with structural brain abnormalities, the precise nature of these abnormalities …