Chronic liver injury leads to liver inflammation and fibrosis, through which activated
myofibroblasts in the liver secrete extracellular matrix proteins that generate the fibrous scar …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, and ultimately fatal, chronic interstitial
lung disease characterized by enhanced extracellular matrix deposition. Repetitive alveolar …

Acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (ACLF) in cirrhosis is characterized by acute decompensation
(AD), organ failure (s), and high short‐term mortality. Recently, we have proposed (systemic …

Tumor microenvironment is a complex system that contains multiple cells and cytokines.
Among the multiple immune cells, macrophage is particularly abundant and plays an …

The skin provides both a physical barrier and an immunologic barrier to external threats. The
protective machinery of the skin has evolved to provide situation-specific responses to …

Interleukin‐17 (IL‐17) induces the production of granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐
CSF) and chemokines such as CXCL1 and CXCL2 and is a cytokine that acts as an …

Chronic inflammation in adipose tissue, possibly related to adipose cell hypertrophy,
hypoxia, and/or intestinal leakage of bacteria and their metabolic products, likely plays a …

Characterized by a surplus of whole-body adiposity, obesity is strongly associated with the
prognosis of atherosclerosis, a hallmark of coronary artery disease (CAD) and the major …

Neutrophils play a critical role in the host defense against bacterial and fungal infections, but
their inappropriate activation also contributes to tissue damage during autoimmune and …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC).
The exact cause of IBD remains unknown. Available evidence suggests that an abnormal …