Prophages affect bacterial fitness on multiple levels. These include bacterial infectivity, toxin
secretion, virulence regulation, surface modification, immune stimulation and evasion and …

Wolbachia are widespread intracellular bacteria infecting the major classes of arthropods
and some filarial nematodes. In arthropods, Wolbachia have evolved various intriguing …

Symbiotic interactions between microbes and their multicellular hosts have manifold
biological consequences. To better understand how bacteria maintain symbiotic …

The symbiosis system comprising eukaryotic hosts, intracellular bacterium Wolbachia, and
temperate bacteriophages WO is widely spread through nearly half the number of arthropod …

Phage-mediated horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is common in free-living bacteria, and many
transferred genes can play a significant role in their new bacterial hosts. However, there are …

Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) is an intriguing, widespread, symbiont-induced reproductive
failure that decreases offspring production of arthropods through crossing incompatibility of …

Background Bacterial genomes often encode structures similar to phage capsids
(encapsulins) and phage tails which can be induced spontaneously or using genotoxic …

Background Moraxella catarrhalis is an important pathogen that often causes otitis media in
children, a disease that is not currently vaccine preventable. Asymptomatic colonisation of …

The endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia pipientis infects a wide range of arthropods and
induces a variety of reproductive anomalies, including cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) …

Bacterium eating viruses”(phages) are one of the biotic factors that can disrupt the mass
production of bacteria through the lysis of the cells during growth. Brevibacillus laterosporus …