Spermatogenesis is the process by which a single spermatogonium develops into 256
spermatozoa, one of which will fertilize the ovum. Since the 1950s when the stages of the …

Vinculin, discovered in 1979 (Geiger, 1979), is an adapter protein with binding sites for more
than 15 proteins. Biochemical and structural analyses have contributed to detailed …

The genome-wide program of gene expression during the cell division cycle in a human
cancer cell line (HeLa) was characterized using cDNA microarrays. Transcripts of> 850 …

Abstract α-catenin has often been considered to be a non-regulatory intercellular adhesion
protein, in contrast to β-catenin, which has well-documented dual roles in cell–cell adhesion …

Cells lacking vinculin are highly metastatic and motile. The reasons for this finding have
remained unclear. Both enhanced survival and motility are critical to metastasis. Here, we …

The armadillo gene is a segment polarity gene of Drosophila involved in signal transduction
through wingless. Since the mid-1980s, a growing number of related proteins have been …

In epithelial cells, α-, β-, and γ-catenin are involved in linking the peripheral microfilament
belt to the transmembrane protein E-cadherin. α-Catenin exhibits sequence homologies …

Fluid shear stress greatly influences the biology of vascular endothelial cells and the
pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Endothelial cells undergo profound shape change and …

Physical cues of the scaffolds, elasticity, and stiffness significantly guide adhesion,
proliferation, and differentiation of stem cells. In addressable microenvironments constructed …

Skeletal muscle differentiation is a complex, highly coordinated process that relies on
precise temporal gene expression patterns. To better understand this cascade of …