The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is a widespread numerical tool for full-
wave analysis of electromagnetic fields in complex media and for detailed geometries …

Geomagnetic disturbances cause perturbations in the Earth's magnetic field which, by the
principle of electromagnetic induction, in turn cause electric currents to flow in the Earth …

Significant geoelectric fields are produced by the interaction of rapidly varying magnetic
fields with the conductive Earth, particularly during intense geomagnetic activity. Though …

Geomagnetic effects on man-made ground-based systems are an increasing concern such
as power grids, submarine cables, pipelines, and railway systems. Assessing the threat to …

Eruptive events of solar activity often trigger abrupt variations of the geomagnetic field.
Through the induction of electric currents, human infrastructures are also affected, namely …

Ground‐based technological systems, such as power grids, can be affected by
geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) during geomagnetic storms and magnetospheric …

The intensification of the fluctuating geomagnetic field during space weather events leads to
generation of a strong electric field in the conducting earth, which drives geomagnetically …

Modeling the geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) is essential to assess the GIC risk to
power systems with geomagnetic disturbances. Lateral variations in the Earth's conductivity …

To ensure the robustness of both civilian and military infrastructure, it is important to protect
electric power grids, smart grids, and other electrotechnologies from known and possibly as …

The geoelectric fields induced during geomagnetic disturbances (GMD) may affect the
normal operation of technological systems at the Earth's surface. The non-uniform Earth …