Activated B cells participate in either extrafollicular (EF) or germinal center (GC) responses.
Canonical responses are composed of a short wave of plasmablasts (PBs) arising from EF …

Regulatory B cells (Bregs) is a term that encompasses all B cells that act to suppress
immune responses. Bregs contribute to the maintenance of tolerance, limiting ongoing …

The identification of CD4+ T cells localizing to B cell follicles has revolutionized the
knowledge of how humoral immunity is generated. Follicular helper T (TFH) cells support …

PD-1 as an immune checkpoint molecule down-regulates T cell activity during immune
responses in order to prevent autoimmune tissue damage. In chronic infections or tumors …

Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells are specialized providers of T cell help to B cells, and are
essential for germinal center formation, affinity maturation, and the development of most high …

Antiretroviral therapy during the earliest stage of acute HIV infection (Fiebig I) might
minimize establishment of a latent HIV reservoir and thereby facilitate viremic control after …

Cancer cells can escape T-cell-mediated cellular cytotoxicity by exploiting the inhibitory
programmed cell-death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) immune …

Natural infections expose the immune system to escalating antigen and inflammation over
days to weeks, whereas nonlive vaccines are single bolus events. We explored whether the …

This review examines the intersection of the HIV and SARS-CoV-2 pandemics. People with
HIV (PWH) are a heterogeneous group that differ in their degree of immune suppression …

Interleukin-21 is a cytokine with broad pleiotropic actions that affect the differentiation and
function of lymphoid and myeloid cells. Since its discovery in 2000, a tremendous amount …