Prolactin is a protein hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that was originally named for its
ability to promote lactation in response to the suckling stimulus of hungry young mammals …

Stressful stimuli evoke complex endocrine, autonomic, and behavioral responses that are
extremely variable and specific depending on the type and nature of the stressors. We first …

The locus coeruleus (LC) is a small nucleus in the pons from which ascending and
descending projections innervate major parts of the central nervous system. Its major …

A fundamental question of physiology is how gut-brain signaling stimulates appetite. While
many studies have emphasized the importance of vagal afferents to the brain in inducing …

The present review examines the experimental evidence supporting the existence of central
mechanisms able to modulate the synaptic effectiveness of sensory fibers ending in the …

Migraine treatment has reached a new era with the development of drugs that target the
trigeminal neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) or its receptor. The CGRP …

The distribution of neuropeptide Y in the central nervous system of adult male rats was
investigated using indirect immunofluorescence, the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique …

1. The hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) 574 1.1. Control of glucocorticoid levels
during stress 577 1.2. The diurnal rhythm of HPA activity 579 2. Roles of corticotropin …

Cells in the lateral hypothalamus and in the arcuate nucleus play prominent roles in the
central control of food intake; however, a neurochemical link connecting these potential …

Ghrelin, a peptide hormone predominantly produced by the stomach, was isolated as the
endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Ghrelin is a potent …