Behavioural, cellular and molecular studies have revealed significant effects of enriched
environments on rodents and other species, and provided new insights into mechanisms of …

Accumulating evidence from animal and human research shows exercise benefits learning
and memory, which may reduce the risk of neurodegenerative diseases, and could delay …

Environmental enrichment (EE) increases dentate gyrus (DG) neurogenesis and brain-
derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels. However, running is considered an element of …

In order to guarantee better conditions for competition, the nervous system has developed
not only mechanisms controlling muscle effectors, but also retrograde systems that, starting …

Environmental enrichment (EE) and voluntary exercise (VEx) have consistently been shown
to increase adult hippocampal neurogenesis and improve spatial learning ability. Although it …

Environmental enrichment (EE) increases levels of novelty and complexity, inducing
enhanced sensory, cognitive and motor stimulation. In wild‐type rodents, EE has been found …

Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is characterized by a pervasive pattern of
developmentally inappropriate inattentive, impulsive and hyperactive behaviors that typically …

The concept of 'cognitive reserve', and a broader theory of 'brain reserve', were originally
proposed to help explain epidemiological data indicating that individuals who engaged in …

Exposure to environmental enrichment can beneficially influence the behavior and enhance
synaptic plasticity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mediated effects of …

Sensory, motor, and cognitive stimuli, resulting from interactions with the environment, play a
key role in optimizing and modifying the neuronal circuitry required for normal brain function …