The classical view of the Th1/Th2 paradigm posits that the pathogen nature, infectious cycle,
and persistence represent key parameters controlling the choice of effector mechanisms …

Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of death worldwide following infection with
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), with 1.5 million deaths from this disease reported in …

Tissue-resident macrophages constitute heterogeneous populations with unique functions
and distinct gene-expression signatures. While it has been established that they originate …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal disease in which the intricate alveolar network of
the lung is progressively replaced by fibrotic scars. Myofibroblasts are the effector cells that …

Electrophilic fatty acids are generated during inflammation by non-enzymatic reactions and
can modulate inflammatory responses. We used a new mass spectrometry–based …

Mycobacterium tuberculosis enhances its survival in macrophages by suppressing immune
responses in part through its complex cell wall structures. Peroxisome proliferator-activated …

Autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare disease characterized by
myeloid cell dysfunction, abnormal pulmonary surfactant accumulation, and innate immune …

Introduction Acute lung injury (ALI) is a lung disease characterized by inflammation and still
requires further drug development. Forsythiaside A as the active compound of Forsythiae …

Severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-induced bronchiolitis has been associated with a
mixed “Th1” and “Th2” cytokine storm. We hypothesized that differentiation of “alternatively …

Macrophages, the major host cells harboring Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), are a
heterogeneous cell type depending on their tissue of origin and host they are derived from …