This review examines the current understanding of the global coastal ocean carbon cycle
and provides a new quantitative synthesis of air-sea CO2 exchange. This reanalysis yields …

Abstract Based on the Baltic Earth Assessment Reports of this thematic issue in Earth
System Dynamics and recent peer-reviewed literature, current knowledge of the effects of …

Intensive agriculture and densely populated areas represent major sources of nutrient
pollution for European inland and coastal waters, altering the aquatic ecosystems and …

Climate change has multiple effects on Baltic Sea species, communities and ecosystem
functioning through changes in physical and biogeochemical environmental characteristics …

Recently performed scenario simulations for the Baltic Sea including marine
biogeochemistry were analyzed and compared with earlier published projections. The Baltic …

Efforts to manage living marine resources (LMRs) under climate change need projections of
future ocean conditions, yet most global climate models (GCMs) poorly represent critical …

Location, specific topography, and hydrographic setting together with climate change and
strong anthropogenic pressure are the main factors shaping the biogeochemical functioning …

Climate change is expected to enhance the hydrological cycle in northern latitudes reducing
the salinity in the Baltic Sea, a land‐locked marginal sea with a large catchment area …

Coastal seas worldwide suffer from increasing human impact. One of the most severe
environmental threats is excessive nutrient pollution from land, which causes oxygen …

The Baltic Sea is a coastal sea with the world's largest anthropogenically induced hypoxic
bottom area. Although hypoxia has periodically occurred during the sea's 8,000-year history …