Ecotoxicological effect studies often expose test organisms under optimal environmental
conditions. However, organisms in their natural settings rarely experience optimal …

The cumulative effects of multiple stressors are becoming a priority concern for
ecotoxicologists, ecologists and conservation biologists working to understand threats to …

In ecosystems, a variety of biological, chemical and physical stressors may act in
combination to induce illness in populations of living organisms. While recent surveys …

Summary 1 Predation and parasitism are important factors in the ecology and evolution of
natural populations and may, along with other environmental factors, interact with the impact …

Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) is a disease of salmonid fish caused by the endoparasitic
myxozoan, Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, which uses freshwater bryozoans as primary …

Plant phytochemicals can act as natural" medicines" for animals against parasites [1–3].
Some nectar metabolites, for example, reduce parasite infections in bees [4–7]. Declining …

Anthropogenic pollution and disease can cause both lethal and sub‐lethal effects in aquatic
species but our understanding of how these stressors interact is often not known …

Natural populations that are exposed to pesticides in their environment may at the same
time be exposed to natural stressors like parasites and predators, which may interact with …

The infection process of many diseases can be divided into series of steps, each one
required to successfully complete the parasite's life and transmission cycle. This approach …

Bees are exposed to pesticides when foraging in agricultural areas and growing evidence
suggests that such compounds can be harmful to managed and wild populations. Given the …