Cellular heterogeneity and an immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment are
independent yet synergistic drivers of tumour progression and underlie therapeutic …

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) show a self-renewal capacity and differentiation potential that
contribute to tumor progression and therapy resistance. However, the underlying processes …

Ongoing research has revealed that the existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) is one of the
biggest obstacles in the current cancer therapy. CSCs make an influential function in tumor …

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are self-renewing cells that facilitate tumor initiation, promote
metastasis, and enhance cancer therapy resistance. Transcriptomic analyses across many …

Glioblastoma is highly enriched with macrophages, and osteopontin (OPN) expression
levels correlate with glioma grade and the degree of macrophage infiltration; thus, we …

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly lethal brain tumor with poor responses to immunotherapies
that have been successful in more immunogenic cancers with less immunosuppressive …

Abstract PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint blockades have achieved significant progress in several
kinds of tumours. Pembrolizumab, which targets PD-1, has been approved as a first-line …

Exosomes can mediate a dynamic method of communication between malignancies,
including those sequestered in the central nervous system and the immune system. We …

Although chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have demonstrated signs of antitumor
activity against glioblastoma (GBM), tumor heterogeneity remains a critical challenge. To …

Tumor microenvironment (TME) takes critical roles in tumor resistance to immune checkpoint
inhibitors (ICIs) including anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1) or anti-programmed death-ligand …