Targeting immune checkpoints such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1),
programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PDL1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) has …

The advent of immunotherapy, especially checkpoint inhibitor-based immunotherapy, has
provided novel and powerful weapons against cancer. Because only a subset of cancer …

IFN-γ, a soluble cytokine being produced by T lymphocytes, macrophages, mucosal
epithelial cells, or natural killer cells, is able to bind to the IFN-γ receptor (IFNγR) and in turn …

Sunitinib malate is a multitargeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor used in the treatment of
human malignancies. A substantial number of sunitinib-treated patients develop cardiac …

The loss of the Von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (VHL) is a key oncogenic event in the
vast majority of patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). With the loss of the …

Alternative pathways to the VEGF, such as hepatocyte growth factor or HGF/c-met, are
emerging as key players in tumor angiogenesis and resistance to anti-VEGF therapies. The …

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for approximately 3% of adult malignancies, and the
incidence of RCC continues to rise worldwide. Although RCC can be treated with surgery at …

Purpose: VEGFR2 tyrosine kinase inhibition (TKI) is a valuable treatment approach for
patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, resistance to treatment is …

Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an enzyme that belongs to the renin-
angiotensin system (RAS) and antagonizes the classical angiotensin (Ang) II/angiotensin II …

The major invasive subtype of kidney cancer is renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The essential
components of cancer development are chronic inflammation and neoangiogenesis. It has …