We argue that the study of social complexity can follow two different approaches, based on
how it is seen from the outside or on how it is experienced from within. Recent focus has …

Coalitions and alliances are ubiquitous in humans and many other mammals, being part of
the fabric of complex social systems. Field biologists and ethologists have accumulated a …

The scientific study of networks-computer, social, and biological-has received an enormous
amount of interest in recent years. However, the network approach has been applied to the …

Social interactions are central to the health and psychological well-being of domestic
animals. Until now, research has overwhelmingly focused on negative social behaviours …

Dominance hierarchies typically emerge in systems where group members regularly
encounter and compete for resources. In birds, the 'open'and dynamic structure of foraging …

Herds of ungulates, flocks of birds, swarms of insects and schools of fish move in
coordinated groups. Computer models show that only one or very few animals are needed …

The competition for power in a complex social world is hypothesized to be a driving force in
the evolution of intelligence [1]. More specifically, power may be obtained not only by brute …

Grooming interactions benefit groomers, but may have negative consequences for
bystanders. Grooming limits bystanders' grooming access and ensuing alliances could …

Simple Summary Horses are highly social animals that preferably live in stable social
groups and form long-term affiliative bonds. However, although their need for social …

A fundamental understanding of behavior is essential to improving the welfare of billions of
farm animals around the world. Despite living in an environment managed by humans, farm …