Research on astronaut health and model organisms have revealed six features of
spaceflight biology that guide our current understanding of fundamental molecular changes …

NASA's plans for space exploration include a return to the Moon to stay—boots back on the
lunar surface with an orbital outpost. This station will be a launch point for voyages to …

The development of space robots is vital to broadening human cognitive boundaries. Space
robots have been deployed in space science experiments, extravehicular operations, and …

Space is an extreme environment for the human body, where during long-term missions
microgravity and high radiation levels represent major threats to crew health. Intriguingly …

The Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) on the Mars Science Laboratory's Curiosity rover
began making detailed measurements of the cosmic ray and energetic particle radiation …

Human exploration of the Moon is associated with substantial risks to astronauts from space
radiation. On the surface of the Moon, this consists of the chronic exposure to galactic …

The Mars Science Laboratory spacecraft, containing the Curiosity rover, was launched to
Mars on 26 November 2011, and for most of the 253-day, 560-million-kilometer cruise to …

National space agencies and private corporations aim at an extended presence of humans
in space in the medium to long term. Together with currently suboptimal technology …

Radiotherapy is one of the most common and effective therapies for cancer. Generally,
patients are treated with X-rays produced by electron accelerators. Many years ago …

The health risks of space radiation are arguably the most serious challenge to space
exploration, possibly preventing these missions due to safety concerns or increasing their …