The simplicity and genetic tractability of the nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis
elegans make it an attractive system in which to seek biological mechanisms of decision …

The focus of this literature review is on the three interacting brain areas that participate in
decision‐making: basal ganglia, ventral motor thalamic nuclei, and medial prefrontal cortex …

An imbalance in goal-directed and habitual behavioral control is a hallmark of decision-
making–related disorders, including addiction. Although external globus pallidus (GPe) is …

Highlights•Animal models of risky decision-making are important for probing
neurobiology.•Tasks have been developed to evaluate risky decision-making in rodents and …

Foraging is risk sensitive if choices depend on the variability of returns from the options as
well as their mean return. Risk‐sensitive foraging is important in behavioural ecology …

A major output nucleus of the basal ganglia is the substantia nigra pars reticulata, which
sends GABAergic projections to brainstem and thalamic nuclei. The GABAergic (GABA) …

Choice behavior is characterized by temporal discounting, ie, preference for immediate
rewards given a choice between immediate and delayed rewards. Agouti-related peptide …

Most studies that measure food intake in mice do so in the home cage environment. This
necessarily means that mice do not engage in food seeking before consumption, a behavior …

Most decisions made in real-life situations are risky because they are associated with
possible negative consequences. Current models of decision-making postulate that the …

Decision making related to risks and rewards has been studied in the rodent by using
several behavioral tests including the use of probability discounting tasks. However, it still …