Seasonal and pandemic influenza are the two faces of respiratory infections caused by
influenza viruses in humans. As seasonal influenza occurs on an annual basis, the …

Since the influenza pandemic occurred in 1918, people have recognized the perniciousness
of this virus. It can cause mild to severe infections in animals and humans worldwide, with …

Typical avian influenza A viruses are restricted from replicating efficiently and causing
disease in humans. However, an avian virus can become adapted to humans by mutating or …

Influenza A virus (IAV) is the leading cause of highly contagious respiratory infections, which
poses a serious threat to public health. The non-structural protein 1 (NS1) is encoded by …

Recent cases of successful control of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by bone marrow
transplant in combination with suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART) and very early …

A severe course of acute respiratory disease caused by influenza A virus (IAV) infection is
often linked with subsequent bacterial superinfection, which is difficult to cure. Thus …

Background: H7N9, emerged as an avian influenza virus outbreak in Eastern China in early
2013, and represented another major threat to global health. Roles of its NS1 protein, an …

Subgroup J avian leukosis virus (ALV-J) is an oncogenic retrovirus known to induce tumor
formation and immunosuppression in infected chickens. One of the organs susceptible to …

Expression of the influenza A virus (IAV) nonstructural protein (NS1) results in the activation
of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK). Both NS1 and JNK are involved in apoptosis induction. To …

Outbreaks of avian influenza A (H5N1) virus infection have significant health and economic
consequences. Non‑structural protein 1 (NS1) is an essential virulence factor of the highly …