Leukocytes play a vital role in immune responses, including defending against invasive
pathogens, reconstructing impaired tissue, and maintaining immune homeostasis. When the …

Breakthroughs in materials engineering have accelerated the progress of immunotherapy in
preclinical studies. The interplay of chemistry and materials has resulted in improved …

Most potent therapeutics are unable to cross the blood-brain barrier following systemic
administration, which necessitates the development of unconventional, clinically applicable …

Biotechnology has revolutionized therapeutics for the treatment of a wide range of diseases.
Recent advances in protein engineering and material science have made the targeted …

For over a century, researchers have focused on how to optimize drug delivery. Systemic
administration means that the drug becomes dilute and has the potential to diffuse to all …

Cell-directed gene therapy is a promising new frontier for the field of targeted cancer
therapies. Here we discuss the current pre-clinical and clinical use of cell-mediated enzyme …

Engineering cell surfaces with natural or synthetic materials is a unique and powerful
strategy for biomedical applications. Cells exhibit more sophisticated migration, control, and …

Macrophages are immuno cells with high flexibility among hematopoietic system.
Macrophages are tangled with many diseases like chronic inflammatory, atherosclerosis …

Cell-mediated drug delivery systems utilize living cells as vehicles to achieve controlled
delivery of drugs. One of the systems features integrating cells with disk-shaped …

Phagocytosis performed by a macrophage involves complex membrane trafficking and
reorganization among various membranous cellular structures including phagosomes and …