Background Maternal smoking during pregnancy may be associated with low birth weight
(LBW) in offspring and global risk estimates have not been summarized previously. We …

Purpose The theory of the developmental origins of health and disease hypothesizes that
low birth weight (≤ 5.5 lb) indicative of poor fetal growth is associated with an increased risk …

OBJECTIVE: To assess maternal–fetal exposure to phthalates and investigate whether in
utero phthalate exposure is associated with low birth weight (LBW). STUDY DESIGN: A total …

Maternal smoking during pregnancy is a significant threat to the fetus. We examined the
association between active maternal smoking and smoking cessation during early …

Dietary intake of specific nutrients or food groups during pregnancy could influence fetal
growth, but scant evidence is available on effects of dietary patterns. The aim of this study …

Background: The consequences of low birth weight (LBW) include death and long-term
health sequelae. Limited attention has been made towards the study of socio-demographic …

Background The adverse effects of maternal and paternal smoking on child health have
been studied. However, few studies demonstrate the interaction effects of maternal/paternal …

Abstract Background In Western countries, active maternal smoking during pregnancy is
recognized as the most important preventable risk factor for adverse birth outcomes …

Background: There has been no large nationwide population-based study to examine the
effects of maternal smoking status during pregnancy on birth weight that simultaneously …

Background Maternal smoking during pregnancy has been consistently related to low
birthweight. However, older mothers, who are already at risk of giving birth to low birthweight …