Introduction: Physiological pH and chemical pKa are two sides of the same coin in defining
the ionization of a drug in the human body. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and pH …

Significant events have taken place shaping the recent industrialization of physiologically
based pharmacokinetic in vitro–in vivo extrapolation (PBPK‐IVIVE) use in drug …

Systems Toxicology aims to change the basis of how adverse biological effects of
xenobiotics are characterized from empirical end points to describing modes of action as …

Metformin is used as a probe for OCT2 mediated transport when investigating possible DDIs
with new chemical entities. The aim of the current study was to investigate the ability of …

Concerns over maternal and fetal drug exposures highlight the need for a better
understanding of drug distribution into the fetus through the placental barrier. This study …

Achieving sufficient concentrations of antituberculosis (TB) drugs in pulmonary tissue at the
optimum time is still a challenge in developing therapeutic regimens for TB. A …

Abstract Next Generation Risk Assessment (NGRA) is a procedure that integrates new
approach methodologies (NAMs) to assure safety of a product without generating data from …

Abstract Background and Objectives The kidney is a major drug-eliminating organ. Renal
impairment or concomitant use of transporter inhibitors may decrease active secretion and …

Baricitinib, an oral selective Janus kinase 1 and 2 inhibitor, undergoes active renal tubular
secretion. Baricitinib was not predicted to inhibit hepatic and renal uptake and efflux drug …

Indoxyl sulfate (IxS), a highly albumin-bound uremic solute, accumulates in chronic kidney
disease (CKD) due to reduced renal clearance. This study was designed to specifically …