A growing number of satellites in the outer solar system likely have global oceans beneath
their outer icy shells. While the presence of liquid water makes these ocean worlds …

NASA's Galileo mission to Jupiter and improved Earth-based observing capabilities have
allowed major advances in our understanding of Jupiter's moons Io, Europa, Ganymede …

We have considered a wide array of scenarios for Europa's chemical evolution in an attempt
to explain the presence of ice and hydrated materials on its surface and to understand the …

It has been proposed that Jupiter's satellite Europa currently possesses a global subsurface
ocean of liquid water. Galileo gravity data verify that the satellite is differentiated into an …

Galileo Orbiter measurements of energetic ions (20 keV to 100 MeV) and electrons (20–700
keV) in Jupiter's magnetosphere are used, in conjunction with the JPL electron model (< 40 …

The permanent ice covers of Antarctic lakes in the McMurdo Dry Valleys develop liquid
water inclusions in response to solar heating of internal aeolian-derived sediments. The ice …

Far-UV spectra of Europa and Ganymede, acquired by the Hubble Space Telescope
Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph, indicate that, in addition to faintly reflected sunlight …

Europa's orbital eccentricity, driven by the resonance with Io and Ganymede, results in
“diurnal” tides (3.5-day period) and possibly in nonsynchronous rotation. Both diurnal …

Abstract Quantum bits,,,,(qubits) are the fundamental building blocks of quantum information
processors, such as quantum computers. A qubit comprises a pair of well characterized …

Infrared wavelength observations of Io by the Galileo spacecraft show that at least 12
different vents are erupting lavas that are probably hotter than the highest temperature …