Opioids mediate their effects via opioid receptors: mu, delta, and kappa. At the neuronal
level, opioid receptors are generally inhibitory, presynaptically reducing neurotransmitter …

Opioids are very potent and efficacious drugs, traditionally used for both acute and chronic
pain conditions. However, the use of opioids is frequently associated with the occurrence of …

Mu opioid receptor agonists are among the most powerful analgesic medications but also
among the most addictive. The current opioid crisis has energized a quest to develop opioid …

Highlights•Descending pathways play a critical role in the central modulation of pain.•A
particular descending PAG–RVM pathway mediates the phenomenon of stress-induced …

Agonists for the μ-opioid receptor are powerful analgesics and are highly addictive;
however, the contribution of the δ-and κ-opioid and opioid receptor-like receptors to …

Although opioids are highly effective for the treatment of pain, they are also known to be
intensely addictive. There has been a massive research investment in the development of …

The opioid epidemic has led to a serious examination of the use of opioids for the treatment
of pain. Opioid drugs are effective due to the expression of opioid receptors throughout the …

Loeser - Bonica's Management of Page 1 Bonica's Management of Pain 3rd edition (January
15, 2001): By John D. Loeser (Editor), Steven H. Butler (Editor), C. Richard Chapman (Editor) …

The midbrain region periaqueductal grey (PAG) is rich in opioid receptors and endogenous
opioids and is a major target of analgesic action in the central nervous system. It has been …

Kisspeptin (Kiss1) and neurokinin B (NKB) neurocircuits are essential for pubertal
development and fertility. Kisspeptin neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus …