Abstract Thioredoxins (Trxs), glutaredoxins (Grxs), and peroxiredoxins (Prxs) have been
characterized as electron donors, guards of the intracellular redox state, and “antioxidants” …

Organismal homeostasis depends on an intricate balance between cell death and renewal.
Early pathologists recognized that this balance could be disrupted by the extensive damage …

Here, we report on the expression of programmed death (PD)-1 on human virus-specific
CD8+ T cells and the effect of manipulating signaling through PD-1 on the survival …

Background. Older healthy and HIV-infected adults exhibit physiological similarities. Frailty
is a clinical syndrome associated with aging that identifies a subset of older adults at high …

Throughout the process of pathogen–host co-evolution, viruses have developed a battery of
distinct strategies to overcome biochemical and immunological defenses of the host. Thus …

Abstract Background. The CD4 T cell count recovery in human immunodeficiency virus type
1 (HIV-1)—infected individuals receiving potent antiretroviral therapy (ART) shows high …

The human genome represents a fossil record of ancient retroviruses that once replicated in
the ancestors of contemporary humans. Indeed, approximately 8% of human DNA is …

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is principally a mucosal disease and the
gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the major site of HIV replication. Loss of CD4+ T cells and …

Apoptotic death of T lymphocytes is critical for shutdown of immune responses and
hemopoietic cell homeostasis. Both death receptor (Fas) activation and mitochondrial …

Despite the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), neuronal cell death remains
a problem that is frequently found in the brains of HIV-1-infected patients. HAART has …