Already a well-established treatment for different autonomic and movement disorders, the
use of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) in pain conditions is now continuously expanding …

Neurotoxins generally inhibit or promote the release of neurotransmitters or bind to
receptors that are located in the pre-or post-synaptic membranes, thereby affecting …

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are potent inhibitors of synaptic vesicle fusion and
transmitter release. The natural target of BoNTs is the peripheral neuromuscular junction …

Injection of botulinum toxin (BoNT) into the glabellar region of the face is a novel therapeutic
approach in the treatment of depression. This treatment method has several advantages …

Botulinum toxin serotype A (Bo NT/A) was originally used in neurology for the treatment of
dystonia and blepharospasms, but is now clinically used worldwide for the treatment of …

Depression is one of the most common mental disorders, which causes global burden.
Antidepressants and psychotherapies are the mainstay of treatment for depression, which …

This chapter is focused on analgesic mechanism of action of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-
A) including the action beyond peripheral nerve endings. With the exception of the …

OnabotulinumtoxinA is a potent inhibitor of muscle contraction that acts by preventing the
release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. In pain states such as migraine, its …

Objective To assess whether dual therapy with erenumab and onabotulinumtoxinA (BoNTA)
was more effective than erenumab alone in chronic migraine. Background Calcitonin gene …

BOTOX® is a therapeutic form of botulinum neurotoxin. It acts by blocking the release of
acetylcholine (ACh) from the synaptic vesicles at the neuromuscular junctions, thereby …