Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a membrane-derived lysophospholipid that acts primarily
as an extracellular signaling molecule. Signals initiated by S1P are transduced by five G …

Approaches for the effective management of acute stroke are sparse, and many measures
for brain protection fail. However, our ability to modulate the immune system and modify the …

The discovery of fingolimod (FTY720/Gilenya; Novartis), an orally active immunomodulatory
drug, has opened up new approaches to the treatment of multiple sclerosis, the most …

Suppression of allograft rejection is central to successful organ transplantation; thus,
immunosuppressive agents are crucial for successful allograft function. Immunosuppressive …

Over the past several decades, there have been substantial advances in our knowledge of
the pathophysiology of stroke. Understanding the benefits of timely reperfusion has led to …

Peripheral lymphocytes entering brain ischemic regions orchestrate inflammatory
responses, catalyze tissue death, and worsen clinical outcomes of acute ischemic stroke …

G-CSF was among the first cytokines to be identified and rapidly transitioned into clinical
medicine. Initially used to promote the production of neutrophils in patients with …

FTY720 is an immunosuppressant that reduces circulating levels of naïve lymphocytes by
increasing their localization and sequestration in secondary lymphoid organs. It is …

Abstract Development of cancer is a feared, and increasingly apparent, complication of long-
term immunosuppressive therapy in transplant recipients. In addition to the need to reduce …

Fingolimod, a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) modulator, was the first oral
disease-modifying therapy approved for relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis; it reduces …