There are three groups of scientists dominating the search for the origin of life: the organic
chemists (the Soup), the molecular biologists (RNA world), and the inorganic chemists …

The Martian surface is cold, dry, exposed to biologically harmful radiation and apparently
barren today. Nevertheless, there is clear geological evidence for warmer, wetter intervals in …

A crewed mission to and from Mars may include an exciting array of enabling
biotechnologies that leverage inherent mass, power, and volume advantages over …

A main goal of human space exploration is to develop humanity into a multi-planet species
where civilization extends beyond planet Earth. Establishing a self-sustaining human …

Deep space exploration can satisfy humanity's curiosity about the origin of life and the
evolution of the universe and enhance our understanding of the internal geological structure …

Abstract In 1965, James Lovelock published a general statement, based on thermodynamic
chemical equilibrium principles, about how to detect extant or extinct life on a planet other …

The evolution of habitable conditions on Mars is often tied to the existence of aquatic
habitats and largely constrained to the first billion years of the planet. Here, we propose an …

With advances in commercial space launch capabilities and reduced costs to orbit, humans
may arrive on Mars within a decade. Both to preserve any signs of past (and extant) martian …

Abstract Space exploration has significantly enriched humanity's understanding of the space
environment in which our Earth resides and the evolution of the Solar System. What we …

Beginning from two plausible starting points—an uninhabited or inhabited Mars—this paper
discusses the possible trajectories of martian habitability over time. On an uninhabited Mars …