Sleep serves important biological functions, and influences health and longevity through
endocrine and metabolic related systems. Sleep debt, circadian misalignment and sleep …

According to the free hormone hypothesis, biological activity of a certain hormone is best
reflected by free rather than total hormone concentrations. A crucial element in this theory is …

Testosterone deficiency (TD) is an increasingly common problem with significant health
implications, but its diagnosis and management can be challenging. A multi-disciplinary …

According to World Health Organization estimates, 5% of the adult population worldwide
suffers from depression. In addition to the affective, psychomotor and cognitive symptoms …

Osteoporosis does not only affect postmenopausal women, but also ageing men. The
burden of disease is projected to increase with higher life expectancy both in females and …

Background and aims Testosterone supplementation therapy (TST) is a longstanding
treatment for hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), even though the …

Reduced testosterone concentration is nowadays thought to be one of the main endocrine
disorders in chronic kidney disease (CKD). It is caused by the dysfunction of the …

Background Anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS) mimic the effects of testosterone and may
include testosterone itself; they are used for body enhancement within the general …

Objective Symptomatic hypogonadism discourages men from stopping anabolic-androgenic
steroids (AAS). Some men illicitly take drugs temporarily stimulating endogenous …

Myostatin, a secreted growth factor belonging to the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)
family, performs a role in hindering muscle growth by inhibiting protein kinase B (Akt) …